ABSTRACT
The aim of the work was to study the spray-drying of ethanolic extract from Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Sm., Fabaceae, in order to obtain powders with better pharmacological and technological properties for herbal medicine. A 2³ fractional factorial statistical design was used to find adequate spray-drying operating conditions (inlet air temperature; feed flow rate and air flow rate) to produce A. cearensis powder with adequate concentration of active principles (amburoside and coumarin), low moisture content and high process yield. The HPLC analyses showed that the spray-drying powder of A. cearensis production did not cause alterations in the chromatographic profile when related to the fluid extract. The most significant factor that affected the amburoside concentration was air flow rate, while the concentration of coumarin, a thermolabile molecule, was influenced mainly by inlet air temperature. The moisture content of the spray-drying powder of A. cearensis varied from 3.72 to 5.85% (w/w), while the maximal process yield was 41.1% (w/w). The present study demonstrates for the first time the best operating conditions to produce A. cearensis extract powder that were adequate when related to the coumarin and amburoside concentrations and moisture content. However, additional studies are still needed to improve mainly it technological characteristics.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate the possible protective role of the bioflavonoid ternatin (TTN) when administered before induction of ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat testis. METHODS: Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=12), divided in 2 subgroups (n=6). Saline 2.0ml (G-1), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 3 percent solution (G-2) or TTN 12 mg/kg/dose (G-3) was administered ip. to all rats, respectively, 21, 12 and 1 hour before torsion. Anesthetized rats were subjected to ischemia (3 hours) induced by 720º torsion of the spermatic cord. Right testis and arterial blood samples were collected at the end of ischemia (T-0), and 3 hours later (T-3) for assessment of testis malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and plasma total antioxidant power (TAP). RESULTS: MDA decreased significantly (p<0,001) in G-2 and G-3 in T-0 and T-3 timepoints. Additional decrease in MDA was seen in G-3 after 3 hours of reperfusion (T-3). GSH increased significantly in G-2 (p<0.001) and G-3 (p<0.05) at the end the ischemia (T-0). A significant increase in GSH was seen 3 hours after testis detorsion (T-3) in G-2 rats. TAP values remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: The data provides in vivo evidence of the antiperoxidative and antioxidative properties of TTN in torted rat testis.
OBJETIVO: Investigar o possível efeito protetor do bioflavonóide ternatina (TTN) quando administrado antes da indução da lesão de isquemia/reperfusão testicular em ratos. MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis ratos Wistar, aleatoriamente distribuídos em três grupos (n=12) divididos em dois subgrupos (n=6) cada foram tratados com solução salina (G-1), dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) 3 por cento (G-2) ou TTN 12 mg/kg/dose (G-3), administrados i.p. 21, 12 e 1 hora antes da torção. Ratos anestesiados foram submetidos à isquemia (3 horas) induzida por torção (720º) do cordão espermático direito. Amostras (testículo ipsilateral e 3,0 ml de sangue arterial) foram coletadas ao final da isquemia (T-0), e 3 horas depois (T-3) para a avaliação das concentrações de malonaldeído (MDA), glutationa reduzida (GSH) no testículo e capacidade antioxidante total (TAP) no plasma. RESULTADOS: MDA diminuiu significativamente nos grupos G-2 e G-3 nos tempos T-0 e T-3. Houve diminuição adicional no G-3 após 3 horas. GSH aumentou significativamente nos grupos G-2 (p<0,001) e G-3 (p<0,05) no T-0 e T-3 no G-2. TAP permaneceu inalterada. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados fornecem evidências in vivo das propriedades antioxidantes e antiperoxidativas da TTN na T/D do testículo do rato.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Ischemia/prevention & control , Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Spermatic Cord Torsion/prevention & control , Testis/blood supply , Antioxidants/analysis , Glutathione/metabolism , Lipid Peroxidation , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , Time FactorsABSTRACT
O estudo fitoquímico do extrato etanólico das folhas de Moringa oleifera Lam., Moringaceae, resultou no isolamento dos derivados benzilnitrilas niazirina, niazirinina e 4-hidroxifenil-acetonitrila, enquanto que das cascas dos frutos somente o octacosano foi obtido. Os óleos essenciais das folhas, flores e frutos foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa. Os constituintes principais identificados foram: fitol (21,6 por cento) e timol (9,6 por cento) nas folhas, octadecano (27,4 por cento) e ácido hexadecanóico (18,4 por cento) nas flores e docosano (32,7 por cento) e tetracosano (24,0 por cento) nos frutos. As estruturas dos compostos isolados foram identificadas a partir de técnicas espectroscópicas (RMN, IV e EM). A 4-hidroxifenil-acetonitrila está sendo citada pela primeira vez para o gênero Moringa e os óleos essenciais das flores e frutos estão sendo citados pela primeira vez para a espécie M. oleifera.
Phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract from leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam., Moringaceae, yield the benzylnitriles: niazirine, niazirinine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, while of fruit shells only octacosane was isolated. The essential oils from leaves, flowers and fruits were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major constituents identified were: phytol (21.6 percent) and thymol (9.6 percent) in the leaves oil, octadecane (27.4 percent) and hexadecanoic acid (18.4 percent) in the flowers oil, docosane (32.7 percent) and tetracosane (24.0 percent) in the fruits oil. The structures of all compounds were identified by spectroscopic analyses (NMR, IR and MS). 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile is reported for the first time to the Moringa genus and the essential oils of flowers and fruits are reported for the first time to the species M. oleifera.
ABSTRACT
The chemical composition of the essential oils from aerial parts of Pectis apodocephala and Pectis oligocephala were analyzed by GC-MS. The essential oils of these species were predominantly constituted by monoterpenes. Geranial (42.9-44.5 percent), neral (32.2-34.2 percent) and alpha-pinene (10.7-11.4 percent) were the main constituents in the oil of P. apodocephala, while p-cymene (50.3-70.9 percent) and thymol (24.4-44.7 percent), were the prevalent compounds in the oil of P. oligocephala. The essential oils were tested against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and Aedes aegypti larvae survival. The results obtained show that both essential oils exhibited significant activity and could be considered as potent natural namaticidal and larvicidal agents.
A composição química dos óleos essenciais das partes aéreas de Pectis apodocephala e Pectis oligocephala foi analisada por CG-EM. Os óleos essenciais destas espécies foram predominantemente constituídos por monoterpenos. Geranial (42, 9-44, 5 por cento), neral (32, 2-34, 2 por cento) e alfa-pineno (10, 7-11, 4 por cento) foram os constituintes majoritários no óleo de P. apodocephala, enquanto p-cimeno (50, 3-70, 9 por cento) e timol (24, 4-44, 7 por cento), foram os compostos prevalentes no óleo de P. oligocephala. Ambos os óleos foram testados contra o nematóide Meloidogyne incognita e larvas do mosquito Aedes aegypti no terceiro estágio. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os óleos exibem significante atividade e podem, portanto, ser considerados como potenciais agentes nematicida e larvicida naturais.